Elections in Slovakia

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There are five types of elections in Slovakia: municipal elections, regional elections, parliamentary elections, presidential elections and elections to the European Parliament. All four types of elections are normally held after fixed periods, although early elections can occur in certain situations. Elections are conventionally scheduled for a Saturday - the polls normally open at 7:00 in the morning and close at 22:00 in the evening.[1][2] Citizens aged 18 years or older are eligible to vote. Those serving prison sentences for particularly serious crimes, as well as those deprived of legal capacity (either wholly or in part), including persons with mental disabilities, are denied the right to vote.[3] Voter registration is passive and decentralized with the voter register maintained by municipalities based on the permanent residence register. Voter lists are updated continuously based on municipal records and input provided by state institutions or other municipalities. Voters may verify their data in voter lists, and, if necessary, request correction until the day before election day. On election day, a voter can be added to a voter list upon presenting an identity card with proof of residency. Some 4.4 million voters are registered and valid to vote in the elections. Voters are only able to vote from abroad during the Parliamentary Elections in Slovakia.[4]

Overall information on the electoral system and elections in Slovakia[edit]

Municipal elections[edit]

2,904 municipalities make up Slovakia each with a mayor and municipal councilors (20,646). Citizens need to reach the age of 18 at the day of elections and have a permanent residency in their municipalities in order to be able to vote in the municipal elections. After receiving the ballot paper from the electoral commission, the voter is free to select any desired number of candidates - the maximum being the number of the seats in the electoral district (or in the Town council in case of a village). As well voters can vote for a mayor. Elections are held every four years.

The last elections were held in 2022.


Regional elections[edit]

Slovakia comprises eight self-governing regions. Citizens need to reach the age of 18 at the day of elections and have a permanent residency in their municipalities in order to be able to vote in the regional elections. After receiving the ballot paper from the electoral commission, the voter is free to select any desired number of candidates - the maximum being the number of all the candidates on the ballot paper.[5] In 2017, deputies of the Slovak National Council voted to extend the term of governors from 4 years to 5 years (for the 2017 election only), and change from a 2-round election to only 1 round.[6] After the 2022 regional elections, they will be held every four years together with municipal elections.

The last elections were held on 29 October 2022.

Parliamentary elections[edit]

Slovakia is a parliamentary republic. Legislative powers are vested in the National Assembly of the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Národná rada Slovenskej republiky, NRSR). The NRSR is of a unicameral body and consists of 150 members of the parliament directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a four-year term office. The prime minister, who serves as the head of government, is appointed by the president, but is accountable solely to the NRSR. The seats at National Assembly are elected by a proportional representation (PR) in a single, nationwide electoral constituency. Slovakia has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. Before the elections, political parties (or coalitions of two or more parties) submit the lists of candidates. Voters may indicate preferences for up to four candidates in one list. The seats at National Council are distributed by Hagenbach-Bischoff method on a nationwide basis - however a threshold of 5% of the votes needs to be met in order for a party to participate in the distribution of National Council seats, whereas coalitions of two to three parties and four or more parties are required to obtain at least seven and ten percent of the vote, respectively.[7]

The last elections were held on September 30, 2023.

Presidential elections[edit]

Since Slovakia operates under a parliamentary system of government, the president largely possesses only with ceremonial functions, but is also equipped with the opportunity to veto legislation (although the veto can be easily overturned by the simple majority in the parliament). By law, the presidential election should be called no later than 55 days prior to election day. The president serves as a head of state and is directly elected by universal suffrage in a two-stage election. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority of all valid votes cast in the first round, then the top two candidates qualify for a runoff election, in which the candidate with the largest number of votes is elected to office for a term of five years. In order to secure a place on the ballot, presidential candidates must be nominated by fifteen members of the National Council, or by a petition signed by 15,000 citizens.

Originally, the National Council chose the president, but a 1999 amendment to the constitution established the popular election of the president by runoff voting. Popular voting for presidential elections was adopted following a prolonged impasse in 1998, in which the National Council repeatedly tried to elect a new president, but no candidate attained the three-fifths majority required by the constitution.[8]

The last elections were held on March 16 & 30, 2019.

Elections to the European parliament[edit]

Slovakia is a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and therefore only witnessed three elections to the European Parliament since. Slovakia gets to elect thirteen members of the European Parliament, using a proportional representation system. During its 15-year membership in the European Union, Slovakia has consistently scored the lowest among the member countries in the turnout rates during European elections. In 2019, when the latest European elections took place, the turnout in Slovakia was only at 23% of registered voters.[9]

The last elections were held on May 25, 2019. the next elections will be held on June 8, 2024.

Latest elections[edit]

2019 presidential election[edit]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Zuzana Čaputová Progressive Slovakia 870,415 40.57 1,056,582 58.41
Maroš Šefčovič Independent 400,379 18.66 752,403 41.59
Štefan Harabin Independent 307,823 14.35
Marian Kotleba Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia 222,935 10.39
František Mikloško Independent 122,916 5.73
Béla Bugár Most–Híd 66,667 3.11
Milan Krajniak We Are Family 59,464 2.77
Eduard Chmelár Independent 58,965 2.75
Martin Daňo Independent 11,146 0.52
Róbert Švec Independent 6,567 0.31
Juraj Zábojník Independent 6,219 0.29
Ivan Zuzula Slovak Conservative Party 3,807 0.18
Bohumila Tauchmannová Independent 3,535 0.16
Robert Mistrík[a] Independent 3,318 0.15
József Menyhárt[a] Party of the Hungarian Community 1,208 0.06
Invalid/blank votes 13,495 38,432
Total 2,158,859 100 1,847,417 100
Registered voters/turnout 4,429,033 48.74 4,419,883 41.80
Source: Statistics.sk (1st round), Statistics.sk (2nd round)
  1. ^ a b Candidate withdrew, but was still on the ballot.

2023 parliamentary election[edit]

Results of the election, showing vote strength for each party by district.

Composition of the National Council since 1990[edit]

Election Composition of the National Council after elections Prime Minister
1990
22 6 48 7 31 14 22
KSS SZ VPN DS KDH ESWMK SNS
Vladimír Mečiar (VPN)[a]
Ján Čarnogurský (KDH)
1992
29 74 18 14 15
SDĽ HZDS KDH MKM-EGY SNS
Vladimír Mečiar (HZDS)[b]
Jozef Moravčík (DEÚS)
1994
13 18 61 15 17 17 9
ZRS SV HZDS-RSS DEÚS KDH MK SNS
Vladimír Mečiar (HZDS)
1998
23 13 43 42 15 14
SDĽ SOP HZDS SDK SMK-MKP SNS
Mikuláš Dzurinda (SDK)
2002
11 25 36 15 28 15 20
KSS Smer ĽS-HZDS ANO SDKÚ KDH SMK-MKP
Mikuláš Dzurinda (SDKÚ)
2006
50 15 31 14 20 20
Smer-SD ĽS-HZDS SDKÚ-DS KDH SMK-MKP SNS
Róbert Fico (Smer-SD)
2010
62 14 28 15 22 9
Smer-SD Most-Híd SDKÚ-DS KDH SaS SNS
Iveta Radičová (SDKÚ-DS)
2012
83 13 11 16 16 11
Smer-SD Most-Híd SDKÚ-DS KDH OĽaNO SaS
Róbert Fico (Smer-SD)
2016
49 10 11 19 21 11 15 14
Smer-SD #Sieť Most–Híd OĽaNO-NOVA SaS SR SNS ĽSNS
Róbert Fico (Smer-SD)
Peter Pellegrini (Smer-SD)
2020
38 12 53 13 17 17
Smer-SD OĽaNO-NOVA--ZZ SaS SR K-ĽSNS

Igor Matovič (OĽaNO) Eduard Heger (OĽaNO)

2023
42 27 32 16 11 12 10
Smer-SD Hlas-SD PS OĽaNO SaS KDH SNS
Robert Fico (Smer - SD)
  1. ^ until May 1991
  2. ^ until March 1994

2019 European Parliament election[edit]

Summary of the 25 May 2019 European Parliament election results in Slovakia
Parties and coalitions EU Party EP Group Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Progressive Slovakia (PS)
TOGETHER – Civic Democracy (SPOLU)
ALDE Renew Europe 198,255 20.11 New 2 New
EPP EPP group 2
Direction – Social Democracy (SMER-SD) PES S&D 154,996 15.72 –8.37 3 –1
People's Party – Our Slovakia (ĽSNS) APF NI 118,995 12.07 +10.34 2 +2
Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) EPP EPP group 95,558 9.69 –3.52 2 ±0
Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) ECR Party ECR 94,839 9.62 +2.96 2 +1
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) None EPP group 51,834 5.25 –2.21 1 ±0
Party of the Hungarian Community (SMK-MKP) EPP 48,929 4.96 –1.57 0 –1
Slovak National Party (SNS) None 40,330 4.09 +0.48 0 ±0
Christian Union (KÚ) ECPM 37,974 3.85 New 0 New
We Are Family ID Party 31,840 3.23 New 0 New
Most–Híd EPP 25,562 2.59 –3.24 0 –1
Christian Democracy - Life and Prosperity (KDŽP) None 20,374 2.06 New 0 New
Others 66,193 6.72 0 –3
Total 985,680 14 +1
Valid votes 985,680 97.94 +0.6
Invalid votes 20,671 2.05 –0.6
Votes cast / turnout 1,006,351 22.72 +13.11
Registered voters 4,429,801
Sources[10][11]

Composition of Slovak MEPs since 2004[edit]

Election Party affiliation of the elected MEPs
2004
PES EPP-ED NI
3 3 3 2 3
SMER (tretia cesta) SDKÚ KDH SMK-MKP ĽS-HZDS
2009
PASD EDP EPP NI
5 1 2 2 2 1
SMER ĽS-HZDS SDKÚ-DS KDH SMK-MKP SNS
2014
S&D EPP group ECR group
4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
SMER-SD Most-Híd SDKÚ-DS KDH SMK-MKP OĽaNO NOVA[a] SaS
2019
S&D Renew EPP group ECR NI
3 4 2 1 2 2
SMER-SD PS-SPOLU KDH OĽaNO SaS ĽSNS
  1. ^ together with KDS + OKS

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Voľby prezidenta Slovenskej republiky". Slovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs. minv.sk. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. ^ "Slovak Republic Presidential Election 16 March 2019". osce.org. OSCE. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  3. ^ "Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí Informácie pre voliča". minv.sk. minv.sk. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  4. ^ Mikus, Roman. "Electoral system of Slovakia: Perspective of political geography". Researchgate. Roman Mikus. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí Informácie pre voliča". minv.sk. minv.sk. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Predsedov VÚC budú ľudia voliť iba v jednom kole". tvnoviny.sk. tvnoviny.sk. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Slovak Republic Parliamentary Elections 5 March 2016". osce.org. osce.org. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  8. ^ "Election Resources Slovakia". electionresources.org. electionresources. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  9. ^ "European Election Turnout". europa.eu. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  10. ^ "DEFINITÍVNE VÝSLEDKY HLASOVANIA". volby.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  11. ^ "DEFINITÍVNE VÝSLEDKY HLASOVANIA". volby.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

External links[edit]