March 13
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| 2014 (Thursday) |
March 13 is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 293 days remain until the end of the year.
Events[edit]
Pre-1600[edit]
- 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.[1]
- 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.[2]
- 1591 – At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.[3]
1601–1900[edit]
- 1639 – Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.[4]
- 1697 – Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.[5]
- 1741 – The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins.[6]
- 1781 – William Herschel discovers Uranus.[7]
- 1809 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.[8]
- 1811 – A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars.[9]
- 1826 – Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry.[10]
- 1845 – Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.[11]
- 1848 – The German revolutions of 1848–1849 begin in Vienna.[12]
- 1862 – The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves is passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.[13]
- 1884 – The Siege of Khartoum begins. It lasts until January 26, 1885.[14]
- 1888 – The eruption of Ritter Island triggers tsunamis that kill up to 3,000 people on nearby islands.[15]
- 1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War.[16]
1901–present[edit]
- 1920 – The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.[17]
- 1930 – The news of the discovery of Pluto is announced by Lowell Observatory.[18]
- 1940 – The Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union officially ends after the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty.[19]
- 1943 – The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.[20]
- 1954 – The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory led to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam.[21]
- 1957 – Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.[22]
- 1969 – Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.[23]
- 1974 – Sierra Pacific Airlines Flight 802 crashes into the White Mountains near Bishop, California, killing 36.[24]
- 1979 – The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état.[25]
- 1988 – The Seikan Tunnel, the longest tunnel in the world with an undersea segment, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan.[26]
- 1992 – The Mw 6.6 Erzincan earthquake strikes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).[27]
- 1993 – The 1993 Storm of the Century affects the eastern United States, dropping feet of snow in many areas.[28]
- 1996 – The Dunblane massacre leads to the death of sixteen primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland.[29]
- 1997 – The Missionaries of Charity choose Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as their leader.[30]
- 2003 – An article in Nature identifies the Ciampate del Diavolo as 350,000-year-old hominid footprints.[31]
- 2012 – The Sierre coach crash kills 28 people, including 22 children.[32]
- 2013 – The 2013 papal conclave elects Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio taking the name Pope Francis as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church.[33]
- 2016 – The Ankara bombing kills at least 37 people.[34]
- 2016 – Three gunmen attack two hotels in the Ivory Coast town of Grand-Bassam, killing at least 19 people.[35]
- 2020 – President Donald Trump declares the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national emergency in the United States.[36]
- 2020 – Breonna Taylor is killed by police officers who were forcibly entering her home in Louisville, Kentucky; her death sparked extensive protests against racism and police brutality.[37]
Births[edit]
Pre-1600[edit]
- 1372 – Louis I, Duke of Orléans (d. 1407)[38]
- 1479 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (d. 1534)[39]
- 1560 – William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch count (d. 1620)[40]
- 1593 – Georges de La Tour, French painter (probable;[41] d. 1652)
- 1599 – John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (d. 1621)[42]
1601–1900[edit]
- 1615 – Innocent XII, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1700)[43]
- 1683 – Johann Wilhelm Weinmann, German botanist (d. 1741)[44]
- 1700 – Michel Blavet, French flute player and composer (d. 1768)[45]
- 1719 – John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Essex (d. 1797)[46]
- 1720 – Charles Bonnet, Swiss historian and author (d. 1793)[47]
- 1741 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1790)[48]
- 1763 – Guillaume Brune, French general and diplomat (d. 1815)[49]
- 1764 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)[50]
- 1770 – Daniel Lambert, English animal breeder (d. 1809)[51]
- 1781 – Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German painter and architect, designed the Konzerthaus Berlin (d. 1841)[52]
- 1798 – Abigail Fillmore, American wife of Millard Fillmore, 14th First Lady of the United States (d. 1853)[53]
- 1800 – Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Ottoman politician, 212th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1858)[54]
- 1815 – James Curtis Hepburn, American physician, linguist, and missionary (d. 1911)[55]
- 1825 – Hans Gude, Norwegian-German painter and academic (d. 1903)[56]
- 1855 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1916)[57]
- 1857 – B. H. Roberts, English-American historian and politician (d. 1933)[58]
- 1860 – Hugo Wolf, Slovene-Austrian composer (d. 1903)[59]
- 1862 – Paul Prosper Henrys, French general (d. 1943)[60]
- 1864 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian-German painter (d. 1941)[61]
- 1870 – William Glackens, American painter and illustrator (d. 1938)[62]
- 1874 – Ellery Harding Clark, American jumper, coach, and lawyer (d. 1949)[63]
- 1880 – Josef Gočár, Czech architect (d. 1945)[64]
- 1883 – Enrico Toselli, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1926)[65]
- 1884 – Hugh Walpole, New Zealand-English author and educator (d. 1941)[66]
- 1886 – Home Run Baker, American baseball player and manager (d. 1963)[67]
- 1886 – Albert William Stevens, American captain and photographer (d. 1949)[68]
- 1888 – Paul Morand, French author and diplomat (d. 1976)[69]
- 1890 – Fritz Busch, German conductor and director (d. 1951)[70]
- 1892 – Janet Flanner, American journalist and author (d. 1978)[71]
- 1897 – Yeghishe Charents, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1937)[72]
- 1898 – Henry Hathaway, American director and producer (d. 1985)[73]
- 1899 – John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)[74]
- 1899 – Pancho Vladigerov, Bulgarian pianist and composer (d. 1978)[75]
- 1900 – Andrée Bosquet, Belgian painter (d. 1980)[76]
- 1900 – Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)[77]
1901–present[edit]
- 1902 – Hans Bellmer, German-French painter and sculptor (d. 1975)[78]
- 1904 – Clifford Roach, Trinidadian cricketer and footballer (d. 1988)[79]
- 1907 – Dorothy Tangney, Australian politician (d. 1985)[80]
- 1908 – Walter Annenberg, American publisher, philanthropist, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (d. 2002)[81]
- 1908 – Myrtle Bachelder, American chemist and Women's Army Corps officer (d. 1997)[82]
- 1910 – Sammy Kaye, American saxophonist, songwriter, and bandleader (d. 1987)[83]
- 1910 – Kemal Tahir, Turkish journalist and author (d. 1973)[84]
- 1911 – José Ardévol, Cuban composer and conductor (d. 1981)[85]
- 1911 – L. Ron Hubbard, American author, founder of Scientology (d. 1986)[86]
- 1913 – William J. Casey, American politician, 13th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1987)[87]
- 1913 – Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian author and playwright (d. 2009)[88]
- 1914 – W. O. Mitchell, Canadian author and playwright (d. 1998)[89]
- 1914 – Edward O'Hare, American lieutenant and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1943)[90]
- 1916 – Lindy Boggs, American educator and politician, 5th United States Ambassador to the Holy See (d. 2013)[91]
- 1916 – Jacque Fresco, American engineer and academic (d. 2017)[92]
- 1920 – Ralph J. Roberts, American businessman, co-founded Comcast (d. 2015)[93]
- 1921 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist (d. 2023)[94]
- 1923 – Dimitrios Ioannidis, Greek general (d. 2010)[95]
- 1925 – Roy Haynes, American drummer and composer[96]
- 1926 – Carlos Roberto Reina, Honduran lawyer and politician, President of Honduras (d. 2003)[97]
- 1929 – Zbigniew Messner, Polish economist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (d. 2014)[98]
- 1933 – Diane Dillon, American illustrator[99]
- 1933 – Mahdi Elmandjra, Moroccan economist and sociologist (d. 2014)[100]
- 1933 – Gero von Wilpert, German author and academic (d. 2009)[101]
- 1935 – David Nobbs, English author and screenwriter (d. 2015)[102]
- 1938 – Robert Gammage, American captain and politician (d. 2012)[103]
- 1939 – Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and pianist[57]
- 1940 – Candi Staton, American singer-songwriter[104]
- 1941 – Donella Meadows, American environmentalist, author, and academic (d. 2001)[105]
- 1942 – Dave Cutler, American computer scientist and engineer[106]
- 1942 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet and author (d. 2008)[107]
- 1942 – Scatman John, American singer-songwriter (d. 1999)[108]
- 1944 – Terence Burns, Baron Burns, English economist and academic[109]
- 1945 – Anatoly Fomenko, Russian mathematician and academic[110]
- 1946 – Yonatan Netanyahu, American-Israeli colonel (d. 1976)[111]
- 1947 – Lesley Collier, English ballerina and educator[112]
- 1947 – Beat Richner, Swiss pediatrician and cellist (d. 2018)[113]
- 1947 – Lyn St. James, American race car driver[114]
- 1949 – Ze'ev Bielski, Israeli politician[115]
- 1949 – Sian Elias, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 12th Chief Justice of New Zealand[116]
- 1950 – Joe Bugner, Hungarian-British boxer and actor[117]
- 1950 – Bernard Julien, Trinidadian cricketer[118]
- 1950 – Charles Krauthammer, American physician, journalist, and author (d. 2018)[119]
- 1950 – William H. Macy, American actor, director, and screenwriter[57]
- 1951 – Charo, Spanish-American singer, guitarist, and actress[119]
- 1952 – Wolfgang Rihm, German composer and educator[120]
- 1952 – Tim Sebastian, English journalist and author[121]
- 1953 – Andy Bean, American golfer[57]
- 1953 – Michael Curry, American bishop, 27th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church[122]
- 1953 – Deborah Raffin, American actress (d. 2012)[123]
- 1954 – Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos, Guyanese-English politician and diplomat[124]
- 1954 – Robin Duke, Canadian actress and screenwriter[125]
- 1955 – Bruno Conti, Italian footballer and manager[126]
- 1955 – Glenne Headly, American actress (d. 2017)[127]
- 1955 – Olga Rukavishnikova, Russian pentathlete[128]
- 1956 – Dana Delany, American actress and producer[57]
- 1956 – Jamie Dimon, North-American businessman and banker[129]
- 1957 – John Hoeven, American banker and politician, 31st Governor of North Dakota[57]
- 1957 – Moses Hogan, American composer and conductor (d. 2003)[130]
- 1958 – Mágico González, Salvadoran footballer[131]
- 1958 – Rick Lazio, American lawyer and politician[132]
- 1958 – Caryl Phillips, Caribbean-English author and playwright[133]
- 1959 – Dirk Wellham, Australian cricketer[134]
- 1960 – Adam Clayton, English-Irish musician and songwriter[57]
- 1960 – Joe Ranft, American animator, screenwriter, and voice actor (d. 2005)[135]
- 1962 – Terence Blanchard, American musician, composer, and conductor[104]
- 1963 – Mariano Duncan, Dominican baseball player and manager[136]
- 1963 – Vance Johnson, American football player[137]
- 1963 – Fito Páez, Argentine musician, songwriter and filmmaker [138]
- 1964 – Will Clark, American baseball player[139]
- 1966 – Chico Science, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 1997)[140]
- 1967 – Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (d. 1994)[141]
- 1967 – Pieter Vink, Dutch footballer and referee[142]
- 1970 – Tim Story, American director and producer[143]
- 1971 – Annabeth Gish, American actress[125]
- 1971 – Allan Nielsen, Danish footballer and manager[144]
- 1971 – Adina Porter, American actress[145]
- 1972 – Common, American rapper and actor[57]
- 1972 – Trent Dilfer, American football player, coach, and analyst[146]
- 1973 – Edgar Davids, Surinamese-Dutch footballer and manager[147]
- 1973 – David Draiman, American singer-songwriter[145]
- 1973 – Bobby Jackson, American basketball player and coach[148]
- 1974 – James Brinkley, Scottish cricketer[149]
- 1974 – Thomas Enqvist, Swedish tennis player and sportscaster[150]
- 1975 – Mark Clattenburg, English football referee[151]
- 1976 – Troy Hudson, American basketball player and rapper[152]
- 1976 – Danny Masterson, American actor and producer[119]
- 1978 – Tom Danielson, American cyclist[153]
- 1979 – Johan Santana, Venezuelan baseball player[154]
- 1979 – Cédric Van Branteghem, Belgian sprinter[155]
- 1980 – Caron Butler, American basketball player[57]
- 1982 – Izi Castro Marques, Brazilian basketball player[156]
- 1982 – Nicole Ohlde, American basketball player[157]
- 1983 – Kaitlin Sandeno, American swimmer[158]
- 1984 – Geeta Basra, Indian actress[159]
- 1984 – Noel Fisher, Canadian actor[104]
- 1985 – Alcides, Brazilian footballer[160]
- 1985 – Emile Hirsch, American actor[57]
- 1986 – Neil Wagner, South African-New Zealand cricketer[161]
- 1987 – Marco Andretti, American race car driver[162]
- 1987 – Andreas Beck, German footballer[163]
- 1988 – Furdjel Narsingh, Dutch footballer[164]
- 1989 – Holger Badstuber, German footballer[165]
- 1989 – Peaches Geldof, English columnist, television personality, and model (d. 2014)[145]
- 1989 – Sandy León, Venezuelan baseball player[166]
- 1989 – Marko Marin, German footballer[167]
- 1989 – Robert Wickens, Canadian racing driver[162]
- 1990 – Anicet Abel, Malagasy footballer[168]
- 1991 – Daniel Greig, Australian speed skater[169]
- 1991 – Tristan Thompson, American basketball player[170]
- 1992 – George MacKay, English actor[145]
- 1992 – Ozuna, Puerto Rican singer-songwriter and rapper[145]
- 1992 – Kaya Scodelario, English actress[104]
- 1994 – Gerard Deulofeu, Spanish footballer[171]
- 1994 – Mohammed Siraj, Indian cricketer[172]
- 1995 – Mikaela Shiffrin, American skier[173]
- 1995 – Jang Su-jeong, South Korean tennis player[174][175]
- 1996 – Brayden Point, Canadian ice hockey player[176]
- 1997 – Landry Shamet, American basketball player[177]
- 1998 – Jay-Roy Grot, Dutch footballer[178]
- 1998 – Jack Harlow, American rapper, singer-songwriter, and actor[179]
- 2004 – Coco Gauff, American tennis player[180]
Deaths[edit]
Pre-1600[edit]
- 1202 – Mieszko III the Old, king of Poland (b. c. 1121)[181]
- 1271 – Henry of Almain, English knight (b. 1235)[182]
- 1415 – Minye Kyawswa, Crown Prince of Ava (b. 1391)[183]
- 1447 – Shah Rukh, Timurid ruler of Persia and Transoxania (b. 1377)[184]
- 1573 – Michel de l'Hôpital, French politician (b. 1507)[185]
1601–1900[edit]
- 1601 – Henry Cuffe, Politician (b. 1563)[186]
- 1619 – Richard Burbage, English actor (b. 1567)[187]
- 1711 – Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (b. 1636)[188]
- 1719 – Johann Friedrich Böttger, German chemist and potter (b. 1682)[189]
- 1800 – Nana Fadnavis, Indian minister and politician (b. 1742)[190]
- 1808 – Christian VII of Denmark (b. 1749)[191]
- 1823 – John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, English admiral and politician (b. 1735)[192]
- 1833 – William Bradley, English lieutenant and cartographer (b. 1757)[193]
- 1842 – Henry Shrapnel, English general (b. 1761)[194]
- 1854 – Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, French politician, 6th Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)[195]
- 1873 – David Swinson Maynard, American physician, lawyer, and businessman (b. 1808)[196]
- 1879 – Adolf Anderssen, German mathematician and chess player (b. 1818)[197]
- 1881 – Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)[198]
- 1884 – Leland Stanford Jr., American son of Leland Stanford (b. 1868)[199]
- 1885 – Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (b. 1795)[200]
1901–present[edit]
- 1901 – Benjamin Harrison, American general and politician, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)[201]
- 1906 – Susan B. Anthony, American activist (b. 1820)[202]
- 1912 – Eugène-Étienne Taché, Canadian engineer and architect, designed the Parliament Building (b. 1836)[203]
- 1921 – Jenny Twitchell Kempton, American opera singer and educator (b. 1835)[204]
- 1936 – Francis Bell, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1851)[205]
- 1938 – Clarence Darrow, American lawyer and author (b. 1857)[206]
- 1943 – Stephen Vincent Benét, American poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1898)[207]
- 1946 – Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (b. 1878)[208]
- 1951 – Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand, Estonian anti-communist, freedom fighter and forest brother (b. 1917)[209]
- 1953 – Johan Laidoner, Estonian general and statesman (b. 1884)[210]
- 1962 – Anne Acheson, Irish sculptor (b. 1882)[211]
- 1965 – Vittorio Jano, Italian engineer (b. 1891)[212]
- 1965 – Fan Noli, Albanian-American bishop and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1882)[213]
- 1971 – Rockwell Kent, American painter and illustrator (b. 1882)[214]
- 1972 – Tony Ray-Jones, English photographer (b. 1941)[215]
- 1975 – Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet, and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)[216]
- 1976 – Ole Haugsrud, American sports executive (b. 1900)[217]
- 1983 – Paul Citroen, German-Dutch illustrator and educator (b. 1896)[218]
- 1990 – Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (b. 1903)[219]
- 1995 – Odette Hallowes, French nurse and spy (b. 1912)[220]
- 1996 – Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish director and screenwriter (b. 1941)[221]
- 1998 – Judge Dread, English singer-songwriter (b. 1945)[222]
- 1998 – Hans von Ohain, German-American physicist and engineer (b. 1911)[223]
- 1999 – Lee Falk, American cartoonist, director, and producer (b. 1911)[224]
- 1999 – Garson Kanin, American director and screenwriter (b. 1912)[225]
- 2001 – John A. Alonzo, American actor and cinematographer (b. 1934)[226]
- 2001 – Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian and educator (b. 1895)[227]
- 2002 – Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher and scholar (b. 1900)[228]
- 2004 – Franz König, Austrian cardinal (b. 1905)[229]
- 2006 – Robert C. Baker, American businessman, invented the chicken nugget (b. 1921)[230]
- 2006 – Jimmy Johnstone, Scottish footballer (b. 1944)[231]
- 2006 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (b. 1925)[232]
- 2006 – Peter Tomarken, American television personality, game show host (b. 1942)[233]
- 2007 – Arnold Skaaland, American wrestler and manager (b. 1925)[234]
- 2009 – Betsy Blair, American actress (b. 1923)[235]
- 2009 – Alan W. Livingston, American businessman (b. 1917)[236]
- 2010 – Jean Ferrat, French singer-songwriter (b. 1930)[237]
- 2011 – Rick Martin, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1951)[238]
- 2013 – Clive Burr, English drummer and songwriter (b. 1957)[239]
- 2014 – Reubin Askew, American sergeant, lawyer, and politician, 37th Governor of Florida (b. 1928)[240]
- 2014 – Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond, Irish businessman and politician (b. 1944)[241]
- 2014 – Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, Sierra Leonean economist, lawyer, and politician, 3rd President of Sierra Leone (b. 1932)[242]
- 2014 – Icchokas Meras, Lithuanian-Israeli author and screenwriter (b. 1934)[243]
- 2015 – Al Rosen, American baseball player and manager (b. 1924)[244]
- 2016 – Hilary Putnam, American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist (b. 1926)[245]
- 2017 – Amy Krouse Rosenthal, American author (b. 1965)[246]
- 2018 – Emily Nasrallah, Lebanese writer and women's rights activist. (b. 1931)[247]
- 2021 – Marvelous Marvin Hagler, American professional boxer (b. 1954)[248]
- 2021 – Murray Walker, English motorsport commentator and journalist (b. 1923)[249]
- 2022 – William Hurt, American actor (b. 1950)[250]
Holidays and observances[edit]
- Christian feast days:
- Kasuga Matsuri (Kasuga Grand Shrine, Nara, Japan)[255]
- National Elephant Day (Thailand)[256]
- Africa Scout Day[257]
References[edit]
- ^ W. Montgomery Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 12. Watt notes that the date for the battle is also recorded as the 19th or the 21st of Ramadan (15 or 17 March 624).
- ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2014). Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-21044-6. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591-1612)". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 181298. PMID 11632225. S2CID 41500711.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1995). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-674-31451-1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Jones, Grant D. (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-8047-3522-3. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ "the battle of cartagena de indias,Jenkins Ear War". www.grandesbatallas.es. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Kamp, P. (1986). Dark Companions of Stars: Astrometric Commentary on the Lower End of the Main Sequence. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 281. ISBN 978-90-277-2270-6. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Scott, Franklin Daniel (1988). Sweden, the Nation's History. SIU Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-8093-1489-8. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Woodman, Richard (2001). The Sea Warriors. Constable Publishers. pp. 255–56. ISBN 1-84119-183-3.
- ^ "Quo Graviora". March 13, 1826.
- ^ Rudolf, Max; Rudolf, William (2001). A Musical Life: Writings and Letters. Pendragon Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-57647-038-1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Dill, Marshall (1970). Germany: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-472-07101-2. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
march 13.
- ^ "Additional Article of War, March 13, 1862". www.freedmen.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ "Ritter Island". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ Martin, Arthur Clive (1956). The Concentration Camps, 1900-1902: Facts Figures, and Fables. H. Timmins. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Richards, Michael D.; Waibel, Paul R. (2014). Twentieth-Century Europe: A Brief History, 1900 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-118-65138-4. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Hoyt, William Graves (December 1976). "W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto". Isis. 67 (4): 551–564. doi:10.1086/351668. PMID 794024. S2CID 26512655.
- ^ "70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War". Yle News. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ Rubin, Arnon (2003). Facts and Fictions about the Rescue of the Polish Jewry During the Holocaust: Jewish welfare services in the occupied Poland. Tel Aviv University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-965-555-144-0. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Davidson, Phillip B. (1991). Vietnam at War: The History, 1946-1975. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-506792-7. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Bonachea, Ramon L. (2018). Cuban Insurrection 1952-1959. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-52470-4. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Mansfield, Cheryl L. (9 January 2018). "Apollo 9". NASA. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Aircraft Accident Report - Sierra Pacific Airlines, Inc., Convair 340/440, N4819C, Near Bishop, California, March 13, 1974" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 1975-01-10. NTSB-AAR-75-01. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Biography: Sir Eric Matthew Gairy | MGov". www.mgovernance.net. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC-CLIO. p. 301. ISBN 9781576071120. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ "Search the Event Bibliography". International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography. ISC. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Superstorm of 1993 "Storm of the Century"". National Weather Service. NWS. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ "Mass shootings and gun control". BBC News. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Indian-born nun to succeed Mother Teresa". CNN. 13 March 1997. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
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External links[edit]
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